Ponzi scheme and Madoff Fraud

Ponzi conspire is a deceitful endeavor whereby the speculators are tricked into an apparently beneficial arrangement. The customers are asked to â€Å"invest† their cash in a dare to procure tremendous loan costs. This ordinarily works through the installment of the prior investors’ premiums and principals by utilizing the later investors’ chief sum. This criminal behavior got its name after Charles Ponzi of England (1920s). Bernard L. Madoff and Ponzi conspire Bernard Madoff, 70, is the previous director of Nasdaq Stock Market. He held the situation till December 2008 when he was captured over claimed perhaps the biggest misrepresentation ever in history.He is the organizer of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities, which embraces showcase making, and going about as broker in purchasing and selling of protections, however is since under receivership after a court request was gotten to put an order on its tasks by the Security Exchange Commission. (Mike, 2008) I t was uncovered that Madoff had a different and cryptic venture arm of his firm which was running on a different floor of their premises. The firm’s fiscal summaries were kept â€Å"under lock and key† and Madoff was â€Å"cryptic† about the firm’s venture arm, as per some top level administration workers of the firm.This mystery speculation arm is the one under scrutiny due to accept that it is the place the Ponzi conspire was executed. (Mike, 2008) Madoff was exceptionally savvy in playing the Ponzi plot. He recorded bogus comes back with the Securities Exchange Commission, and manufactured additions asserting that its speculations along with bookkeeping and review firms it ran were exceptionally worthwhile. Eventually for instance, Fairfield Sentry Ltd, Madoff’s support stock investments ran by Madoff Investment Services to put resources into the offers in Standards and Poor’s 500. Fairfield asserted that its offer file had ascended by 5. 6%, while that of S&P 500 had fallen by over 30%. Fairfield was later supposed to be somewhere near 0. 06% when that of S&P 500 had fallen by about16%. The firm was averaging 10. 5% every year since its initiation in 1990. These insights are very strange to accept, and is one manner by which Mr. Madoff figured out how to make due through his Ponzi conspire. (Mike, 2008) The firm’s misfortunes accumulated up to $50 billion since it was not, at this point ready to satisfy its client needs. This is after customers mentioned for about $7 billion when they had uniquely about $250 million in the record. (Mike, 2008)Prevention of comparable cheats The SEC ought to be made increasingly proactive. For example, admonitions, for example, those of Harry Markopoulos, a money related expert, ought to have been paid attention to by the SEC since he began his disclosure in 1999. The support investments of Mr. Madoff too didn’t register till September 2006, which is past the po int of no return. Proposal for implementation of law, for example, Sec. 17 (an) of the Securities Act 1933, Sec. 10 (b) of Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and rule 10b-5 there under, and segments 206(1&2) of the Advisors Act of 1940, will likewise help forestall such frauds.It is worth to make open the truth of paces of interests offered by a firm to its customers. This makes straightforwardness and some feeling of validity of a firm’s undertaking. The bookkeeping experts additionally ought to be made to gain from such cases to forestall future events of a similar bad habit. Open mindfulness projects can be communicated through media as well. This will caution financial specialists to be cautious in their selection of speculations portfolio. Reference: Mike, S. (2008, December thirteenth). Greatest Fraud in History $50 billion Madoff Ponzi Scheme. Recovered April fourth, 2009, from The Market Oracle: http://www. marketoracle. co. uk/Article7769. html.

Private life of a Baseball player :: Athletics Sports Essays

Private existence of a Baseball player American Baseball is mainstream to such an extent that bunches of good player from other nation have dream to turn into an individual from Major alliance. So do the players from my nation. A few players began playing in large groups, for example, LA Dodgers, Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, and Texas Rangers. Different players began from small time. MLB isn't any longer game for just American individuals. Fans from all over around the globe need to watch ball game through communicating. In America, there are a couple of baseball players who originated from South Korea, and they are doing admirably in MLB groups. Since baseball turned out to be so mainstream sports and worldwide business, players got paid bunches of cash, and the journalists needs to unveil their private existence of renowned players so as to sell an ever increasing number of issues of papers. At times, they are attempting to uncover something humiliated stuff about certain player by following after them. Such a cond uct of columnists can be the reason for a mishap between baseball players and journalists, for example, contending, or battling. What I will record and contend about is a mishap which was occurred between journalist of sports news paper and a baseball player. To sum up what and how that mishap occurred, one of those players, who called Byunghyun, Kim, had been upset since he was unable to do well as one of pitcher. After the season was done, he returned to South Korea as his old neighborhood. What he required was only a rest, reviving his psyche and focusing on his preparation. But not many individuals, he made an effort not to let anyone notice that he returned to his nation. Since he realized that he would get pestered by loads of correspondents with pack of inquiries regarding what he did during season and what he will accomplish for next season. While he was staying, he attempted to get a few rests and train by working out with his companion in wellbeing facility focus. Tragically, there was the correspondent who knew the reality which Mr. Kim returned and rest some time via preparing. The columnist began to tail him with no consent and attempted to discover something intriguing story for paper article so he could turned into the accl aimed correspondent. In transit return from wellbeing focus to home, that paparazzo took couple of pictures from the behind of Mr.

Sick of Being Sick

Sick of Being Sick So Im sick right now. Again. Its some lovely combination of fever, nausea, and other TMI that Ill spare you the details of, but basically, I was sick when classes first started, got better, and now Ive been sick since Monday. Its now next Monday. Im getting better, though, and thats in part due to my winning combination of Pepto Bismol chased down by red Gatorade and chick flicks chased down by Star Wars. (Yesterday was 27 Dresses and Empire Strikes Back; the night before that, A New Hope and Bring It On. Most of the dorms have free movies you can rent from the front desk, and so the Burton-Conner deskworkers think Im a little bipolar.) The real turning point in my illness took place on Friday, when I was so weak and feverish that I dragged myself over to MIT Medical to have them take a look at me. Being sick in college is not fun, no matter how good you think you are at taking care of yourself, so its nice knowing MIT Medical is there. My friends were sweet enough to bring me extra Gatorade and soup and other fairly tame foods, but when it came to pumping my veins with IV fluids most of them had better things to do like go on really fun dorm-wide white water rafting trip that I unfortunately missed, since that doesnt exactly fall under the categories of no strenuous activity or get lots of rest. (Drink plenty of fluids, maybe?) So I headed off to Urgent Care, where at this point, I was pretty woozy, but I remember giving them my name and symptoms and they told me to take a seat and I read through magazine covers and then they called my name and I stood up woah, REALLY dizzy aaand they pretty much took care of me for the rest of the evening. Which was really easy, and really cool, because I think at that point I was pretty much speaking like Yoda. In fact, I was so tired and so stressed by the time they got me on the table and asked me what was wrong that I just started crying. Doctor: Whats the matter?? Me: Dontknowwhycrying..I..am!!* *may be an exaggeration I should also mention that this is all covered under basic insurance for MIT students. That also includes ambulance rides to and from MIT Medical if you need to go to an outside hospital, theres an extended insurance plan that covers that, as well as some prescription drugs and a lot of other stuff which is kind of convenient since theres a pharmacy in MIT Medical, and they only take Extended Insurance. Anyway, they drew some blood to do a blood test, put me in a bed, and set me up on an IV when I remembered Id called Student Support Services (S^3) last night I had an assignment due that day, which I hadnt really found time to do in my busy schedule of having a fever and sleeping it off. S^3 set me up with a phone appointment that afternoon with a dean to talk about sending a sick note to my TA, which they normally dont do over the phone, but seeing as I was hooked to a bag of sodium chloride I probably wasnt going to make it very far. So I called in and talked to the dean, who took down the name of my TA and sent her an email about getting an extension for the assignment. (Honestly, I thought the fact that Id been wearing the same pair of sweatpants for the past three days shouldve be enough for them, but the medical record probably conveys that same idea.) And that was basically it! I still have to go in later when Im feeling up to it to get a physical note, but it was all a fairly easy process. After that? I slept. A lot. When I had ran through 3 liters of fluid, MIT Medical sent me home, and a bunch of movies and 32 oz. bottles of Gatorade later, Im here now trying really hard to kick this thing once and for all, and I fully intend for my next blog entry begins with So Im awesome right now. Again. (By the way? That assignment I got the extension for? Its for that class that I almost didnt get into the last time I was sick. Either my professor does actually read my blog, or the universe doesnt entirely hate me after all..)

Description Of A New Map From North America - 1595 Words

IGN (Include Previous Names Also): Poxey: Previous names https://namemc.com/name/Poxey Age: 14, November , 17 , 2002 Timezone: Eastern Location: North America Gender: Male How many hours can you play each day? 1 hour per day. So far I have 8 hours of playtime on Small Hcf and it has been 2 days since of SOTW. Have you had any past experience? ToxicHCF) I have been a staff member on toxichcf and I was a mod on that current server. It was a hardcore faction and a practice server. On every eotw theres always a kitmap open and everone plays on it and while they do the builders on toxichcf would help make a new map with the higher staff. For staff under Mod+ and they would speculate the Practice server and the kitmap server. You usually†¦show more content†¦My rank was trail-mod with in 4 weeks and yet I dinnit get promoted which I mean I was more active and more helpful than all of these staff members and yet I never had a promoted rank. But the console did get hacked sadly. DeltaHCF) This server is recent. I have been staff for 4 weeks. I have been a good staff member on there but yet I never gotten promoted. I have banned , mute , and tempbanned players off of this server which I had proof of me getting proof of me banning hackers ect. https://gyazo.com/8c6ae8b75b37b05992b86bc2ecf2a4dc - Xrayer admited https://gyazo.com/e1dfd20be4701950610cc7d7d089c52d - Muted - Banned hackers I had much more bans but I dinnit want to overflow with them. Thats just proof of me being active and always online to ban and mute players. Proof of me being staff on there → https://gyazo.com/f8f0b2d5406ecee410118238640cf208 AgonyMc ) I was staff on AgonyMc. I was a staff on this factions server. I have been staff on there for 3 weeks. I was a Mod on there as you can see down below. The server was non-toxic. The server was a very fun server! Proof of me being staff on here → https://gyazo.com/2e03dac607067a1093bc5af0757d2e2e DucksFaction) I was a Mod on this server and I was the first one which got accepted. As a staff member it comes in responsibility. I know when it comes to 50 players its not much. But I did love the server but I mean the server was super toxic including the stsaff members. I decied to retire. It was a kit pvpShow MoreRelatedNorth American Cheese Market Industry Analysis Growth Trends And Forecast 2021817 Words   |  4 PagesNorth American Cheese Market: Industry Analysis, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2021 1 Description : The North American cheese market was valued at USD 22.44 billion in 2013 and is estimated to reach a value of USD 28.75 billion by 2021. The market is poised to grow at a CAGR of 3.2% between 2014 and 2021. North America, especially the U.S., is one of the leading producers of cheese globally. Additionally, cheese is widely used across the continent as an important ingredient in daily intake of foodRead MorePathfinders: A Global History of Exploration by Felipe Fernandez-Armesto1063 Words   |  5 Pagesaward-winning author with work published in 27 languages. Many of his books were written for popular audiences including, 1492: The Year the World Began, Our America: A Hispanic History of the United States, Near a Thousand Tables: A History of Food and The Conquistadors: A Very Short Introduction to name a few. According to Candice Millard of the New York Times, Fernà ¡ndez-Armestos breadth of knowledge and depth of understanding of such an enormous subject more than qualifies him to write a historyRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1295 Words   |  6 Pagesresearched information on this topic. Africa has been known to be backwards, poor, and disconnected from the rest of the world. Which we have proven false throughout this course, as a result, we will focus on five maps and a few readings that have proven Africa’s deep past has had inquired and false truths. Overall, Africa earns very little recognition for its past, the past that has been hidden. Map 7 gives you a few examples of how Atlantic slave trade came to be. What would be significant aboutRead MoreThe Horizontal World By Debra Marquart Summary999 Words   |  4 Pagesthe reader through her life in North Dakota, travelling all the way back to between the years of 1885 and 1911 when her immigrant, Russian grandparents, first arrived in America. Marquart, from a more modern point of view, feels like her grandparents were deceived by a facade that enveloped the Midwest- claiming that the area is not as exciting as the media made it out to be. 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They have a pattern on when they change Winter starts December 22nd, Spring starts March 22nd, Summer starts June 22nd and Fall starts September 22nd and then the pattern starts all over again. It depends on what season you are in to determine how cold/hot it will be outside and how much rain/snow it will get. The seasons change because when the earth isRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book American Immigration 3199 Words   |  13 Pagesmany cultures, languages, foods, religious views, and holidays each brought with them. Why/Rationale: I chose this book for an above grade level text because the chapters increase in pages, as well as illustrations. Illustrations are limited and descriptions are detailed greater than the at, and below grade level books. The text is informational rather than a story and is a great source for reports as well as something to be used for projects. This is a good choice as opposed to other books, for theRead MoreWho Really Discovered America Essay1225 Words   |  5 PagesHistory Paper Who discovered America? By: Deanne Mastrocola Why is it that American culture today attributes its geographic discovery to a man named Christopher Columbus? Could it be that he was the first European to claim this land as part of an Imperialistic expansion or is it merely out of convenience for the history books? It is known that the American continent was populated by 1000 AD which is long before settlements by Viking fisherman and even longer before the arrival of ColumbusRead More The Lewis And Clark Expedition Essay example1548 Words   |  7 Pagesdollars which equaled out to about three cents an acre. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The United States originally only wanted to buy the port of New Orleans. Thomas Jefferson wanted to buy this because there was a risk that the half million Americans living west of the Appalachian would secede from the Union. Purchasing the port would keep them from seceding because they would then have a port that they could easily use to get to the ocean. The people in that region had been using the port untilRead MoreEssay about South Sudan: On the Brink of Collapse1533 Words   |  7 PagesEuropean overseers. In the name of settlement, education, and religion, missionaries also began to approach the continent from the south, through Kenya. This worked to the advantage of the colonialists who viewed missionaries as pacifiers. The missionaries viewed the colonizers as a type of security (Collins 6). Sudan came under joint British and Egyptian rule in 1899. While north Sudan was mostly Arab-speaking Muslim, southern Sudan, had mostly black African ethnicities, and was often ignored due

We Are Exposed American Culture And Society - 1337 Words

In Allen Ginsberg’s poem, Howl, we are exposed American culture and society in the 1940s-50s through the narrator’s eyes. According to the narrator, the society looks down upon those who don’t conform to its rules and culture. This materialistic and militaristic culture had destroyed and drove them with â€Å"madness† and starved with â€Å"hysterical naked† looking for â€Å"an angry fix†. Just like the title suggest, this poem is a loud cry for the generation oppressed by the conformed American society that didn’t value artistic creativity. He openly describes and discusses his experiences in drug uses and involvement in various of unusual incidents and how they could be associated with the search of spiritual/ religious madness. Right away, we get a religious sense from this poem through the words like â€Å"angel headed hipsters†, â€Å"heavenly connection† and â€Å"Mohammedan angels†. Ginsberg uses differen t religious/spiritual imagery and implication to portray the oppression his generation face. He calls for change in the current political and social system of his time. The poem begins with Ginsberg stating that he â€Å"saw the best minds of his generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the Negro street at dawn looking for an angry fix, angel headed hipster burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night† (Ginsberg Line 1.) These â€Å"best minds† have been ostracized by society for their opposition to conform toShow MoreRelatedAnthropology-Culture and Globalization1572 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout our readings, lectures, videos, and textbook we learn the effects of globalization on the different nations we studied. I often felt sad for these nations because we were encouraging them to practice our traditions and therefore their personal identities and culture were lost. Othe r than to improve healthcare and poverty through medical care and education I could not find positive improvements. In fact it appeared in most cases we were trying to force our beliefs and practices on theseRead MoreThe Positive and Negative Aspects of Video Games in Society968 Words   |  4 PagesIn our modern society, we rely on varieties of entertainment in order to satisfy our need for enjoyment. One type of entertainment, which is currently becoming more prominent in our culture is video games. As it is becoming more prominent, it is also evolving throughout the years. Video games now are becoming more complex and influential in our society. People can use this type of entertainment was a way to relieve stress or a way to socialize with others online. Video games is almost available everywhereRead MoreA Young Age1166 Words   |  5 Pages Tatum explains how white individuals, at a young age are taught by the American culture that they have superiority over people of color. 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Since everybody has their ownRead MoreEssay about Globalization: The Myth of Cultural Imperialism1289 Words   |  6 Pageswithout poverty and violence where almost everyone is happy and those who are not can do something about it without starting a war. The world is still far away from this utopian goal, but we are getting there slowly. I believe that one of the manifestations of globalization is the sense of a global society. The idea that the Internet presents a free marketplace of ideas is prevalent and makes a good example for what I wish to explain. Someone (person A) lives in Canada. Person A has a greatRead MoreThe Violent Tendencies Fed By Violent Words Charter In1623 Words   |  7 PagesThe Violent Tendencies Fed by Violent Words charter in the book The Community of Self, emphasized how exposing children to words of violence through many outlets in society has caused an aggressive, violent nation. 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Culture is defined as â⠂¬Å"the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group†, according to The Oxford Dictionary, and can be separated into two specific classifications known as normative and subjective culture. Normative culture is â€Å"the connecting beliefs, values, tradition, economy, political and social institutions, artistic expressions and collectiveRead MoreThe Medias Impossible Value Of Body Image1332 Words   |  6 Pageswomen go through puberty, they begin to mature both physically and emotionally. Particularly, women begin to gain weight when they undergo puberty. Throughout their adolescence, women are exposed to harsh opinions others have on their bodies and how they should carry themselves. Most importantly, women are exposed to society’s values through the use of media. Women begin to value their body image and force themselves to conform to society’s idea of the â€Å"perfect body†. Personally, I think of body image

Overview of the Solar Panel Industry Free Essays

Global Business Operations Solar Panel Industry Student Name: student Number: Introduction The solar panel industry is a niche market dominated by a small number of large firms. Five out of the top ten biggest players In the Industry are Chinese firms. Solar panels capture sunlight and convert It Into electricity, In one of two forms; industry, due to the large market share dominated by a small number of players, furthermore, the solar panel industry not only cooperates with, but also competes with other industries such as power production and component manufacturing industries. We will write a custom essay sample on Overview of the Solar Panel Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Solar Panel Industry The Shape of the Solar Panel Industry With five out of the biggest solar panel producers worldwide being Chinese, it is no surprise that 45% of solar panel production across the globe is by Chinese firms. The solar panel industry is the fastest growing power technology in the world, with reported yearly increases in capacity of 50%. Consisting of mainly 10 firms, the industry isn’t large in terms of suppliers, however, the combined revenues of these 10 firms account for $21. Ban, thus the industry is large in revenue as well as production. Growth Global Presence The growth of the solar panel industry is fairly new, beginning in the early sass’s, thus the industry is not only dominated by a few large players, but it is also maintaining its volume position as it is not going through consolidation and turning into a fragmented industry; the large firms are still growing. Competition within the industry is tight, especially since all major firms ha ve a global presence. Any large firm involved in solar panel production without a global presence is sure to be overtaken by competitors. Product Variety Core Business Solar panels are generally a very homogeneous product, all firms that produce them apply essentially the same product with minor variations, this makes it even more difficult to develop a true competitive advantage within the industry. The industry is mainly based on business-to-business sales; power production firms order solar panels from the producers. Other revenue streams come from foreign solar panel retailers purchasing small orders and distributing them to private buyers such as homes or offices. Innovation, RD, and Demand conditions In order to develop and maintain a competitive advantage within the solar panel industry, it is paramount to invest in innovating and research development. As it stands, the industry remains very linear in terms of product innovation; investments are heavy however no new technologies have yet been discovered or implemented. Since its inception, the technology implemented within solar panels has definitely increased, however there have been no significant breakthroughs that would fairly stable; prices have been more or less constant and competition tight but not extensive as the players aren’t many. The industry took a blow in 2007 following the global crisis, however it recovered in 2010 and has been growing more than ever at an unprecedented pace. Vertical Integration Production Process The Chinese firms mainly adopt vertical integration from the raw materials to the finished product, whereas USA and Japanese firms, which are the other big players, tend to outsource some production as well as import components from suppliers such as Busch. This difference arises due to the costs involved in producing and assembling solar panels; in China, availability of resources is very high, as well as cheap labor and land, thus incurring less costs, hence why Chinese firms prefer to vertically integrate their production process. Whereas for American and Japanese firms, cheap labor and production space is not available, thus it is more cost effective to outsource production and import components. Vertical integration itself is not a fully efficient way of production in the long run, as demonstrated by the automotive industry in the early 20th century. Ford adopted a full vertical integration production process, and while for years it remained the market leader in the USA, eventually Toyota adopted a Just-in-time production process and overtook Ford in USA market share. This is mainly due to the incurred sots of vertical integration; at an early stage of an industry as a whole, vertical integration is cheaper, however as an industry and its accompanying technologies advance, third-party firms enter niche markets of component production and it eventually becomes cheaper to outsource most of the production process. Economies of Scale The biggest advantages to the large solar panel producers arise due to their economies of scale. With a huge production capacity and an efficient supply chain, every step of the value chain from production to delivery becomes much cheaper per unit. Economies of scale acquired by solar panel producers are down to their rapid growth mainly due to their early entry into the market. There are no physical barriers to entering the solar panel industry; governments actually subsidize firms who get involved in renewable energies through tax exemptions and monetary aid. However, the barriers to entry are known as ‘natural barriers’, meaning that the barriers to entry that do exist are not due to regulation, but rather to the strength and size of the competitors, which in turn relates to their economies of scale which allow them to sustain production at such high capacity and cost efficiency. Value Chain Configuration Sunsets is Chinese solar panel producer, up to 2010 it was the world market leader in the solar panel industry, today it has gone down to be the 5th biggest firm. After a series of financial troubles related to defaulting on US government bonds in 2011, the firm has reported revenues of $3. 1 ban and net loss of $1 Ban (2011). Sunsets was founded in 2001 and went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 2005, share price dropped 40% following its first default on government bonds. The following diagram shows Sentence’s value chain process, which will be explained in more detail underneath the diagram: The first segment of the value chain is inbound logistics, since Sunsets is a vertically integrated firm, it produces its own components which are later used in the production of solar panels. The next part of the value chain is operations; this part is the most important in Sentence’s value chain as it is where production takes place. The core business of Sunsets is the production of solar panels, without an impeccable product they would quickly cease to be one of the market leaders. The third step shown in the diagram is outbound logistics, this involves Sunsets distributing the finished product to its customers. Supply chain management is very important, especially since Sunsets is vertically integrated, they have their own distribution channels rather than outsourcing them, thus their customers must receive their products on time and in good condition. Marketing and sales isn’t such an integral part of the value chain, as the core revenue stream for solar panel producers is business-to-business sales rather than business-to-customer, thus jugular marketing methods are not as effective. The final step of the value chain is service, mainly involving post-sale service. Given the nature of the product, solar panels actually have an average life span of 25-30 years, thus minimal service is required, however, Sunsets focuses more on actually turning the service step into a long-term relationship with customers for repeat business and long-term contracts. Sunsets is present globally, with large volume sales to Australia, USA, China, Spain, AJAX, and Brazil, it is basically present in every continent. The main customers for Sunsets and other solar panel producers are power plants and solar farms, who in turn sell on the electricity they produce with the solar panels. It is a large market with very few players as power production is one of the hardest markets to enter, with extensive barriers to entry. Sentence’s overall performance is dubious. On the one hand, it lead the market for many years due to its excellent quality and reputation in production, and on the other hand, it crashed due to mismanagement of resources and financial troubles. In terms of cost efficiency, Sentence’s vertical integration is seemingly flawless as the hole production process is streamlined and very well coordinated, thus the conclusion in terms of performance is that operationally Sunsets is performing exceptionally well, however administratively it is performing horribly and is definitely behind its competitors. Out of the top 10 dominating firms, only two firms are running at a loss, one of which is Sunsets. Recommendations The main issue for Sunsets is mismanagement of funds, thus the main recommendations would be to change the CEO, which has actually been done. How to cite Overview of the Solar Panel Industry, Papers

Explain why parents are sometimes strict free essay sample

Parents are sometimes strict to discipline their children, to set out strict rules to get the best from their children and to put responsibilities on their shoulders Introductory Paragraph: The ABCD Parenting Young Adolescents (2009 – 2014) stated, â€Å"Parents are sometimes strict to discipline their children so the they can earn respect from the, parents also wants them to think more positively, above all, to gain a strong relationship with their children and to correct their short falls therefore it keeps them more connected and their children will respect and obey them in authority†. Furthermore, parents set out strict rules so their children can be clear about what is to be expected from them. Parents’ uses strict rules sue to manner and behavior and to inform there children of what is appropriate and appreciated from them. Parents set strict responsibilities on their children shoulders due to the authors’ research parents do that to ensure that their children meet their goals and make learn to take success into consideration; on the other hand, parents want what is best for their children and to be independent. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain why parents are sometimes strict or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Conclusion: In addition all these factors explain why parents are sometimes strict. When parents are strict it out comes a positive act and even the better way to discipline children by showing them how to behave so that they can give a positive outlook in life. For example, parents sit down and talk with them to show them the life ahead of them and showing them what is positive. Due to that, setting out rules in their homes let children know their standards. For instance, a parent can have a rule stated, â€Å"Everyone must be home by six o’clock†. Moreover, parents want their children to be independent so they help them to be responsible and make them wiser about what life has to offer.

Educational System an Example of the Topic School by

Educational System Preview Need essay sample on "Educational System" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Standardized testing dates back to 2200 BC in China where it was used to judge the knowledge of the people coming into civil services. Standardized testing did not only confine itself to China, but it spread to Europe and US as well. Standardized testing which is very common here is not an effective method, and therefore it should be discontinued. Standardized tests give wealthy students an edge over less affluent students. Various test centers for SAT, GRE prepare millions of students all around the world for standardized tests. Secondly, precious time, resources and energy of the schools are wasted to prepare the students for standardized tests. Thirdly, standardized testing paves the way for tougher standards on some educational institutions who produce low scores which can make their staff less motivated and cause them to intentionally increase the scores of their students. Lastly and most importantly standardized tests cannot handle pretty very well it is biased against people belonging to minorities and from other cultures whose native language is not English. Standardized testing is not something new in fact it has a very long and rich history. It was first used in China in around 2200 BC. People who were interested in civil service, an occupation considered highly respectable, had to clear a standard test. The exams mostly tested rote memorization of received wisdom. However, in 1905 standardized tests were disbanded because of a reform movement. Standardized testing was not only confined to China, but Standardized testing was also present in Europe during the Middle Ages. Many universities used tests as part of their entrance exams, in addition to interviews and other measures.By 1803, the use of written exams was widespread throughout Europe because of problems with the oral exam system. In the United States, standardized tests appeared in the mid 19th century. Standardized testing has become very common in the US because of it can be easily implemented and administered to judge the acquired knowledge. Standardized testing itself is not bad, but the way it is used makes it ineffective and unethical. It is used mostly as a sole determining factor for promotions, educational advancement, graduation, admission, etc. which makes it futile and ineffective. The reasons which account for this factor are as follows Our Customers Often Tell EssayLab support: I'm don't want to write my essay. Because I want to spend time with my family Essay writers suggest: Order Papers On Essaylab.Com Best Essay Writing Service Reviews Professional Writing Services Buy College Papers Online Academic Writing Services Another draw back of standardized testing is that it influences teaching or the instructors. (Golan, 3) Before giving a test, the teachers have a general idea of what they will give in the test and therefore they intentionally or intentionally focus on the important areas and leave out the other chapters, sections, etc. which are not important from the point of view of exams. These left out chapters might not be important from the examination point of view, but they might be very important for a childs professional development. Secondly, in most of the cases instructors who teach the students also administer and grade the students who might also have a negative impact on the teachers. Teachers tend to get involved in a self-fulfilling prophesy where they grade the students who they consider above average with good grades and tend to give lower grades to students whom they perceive as below average students. (Hoffman, 45). Scores are influenced by various factors The scores on standardized tests are not an accurate measure of intelligence or knowledge since they are influenced by various other factors. The three most important ones are what kids learn in school, what kids learn outside of school, and innate intelligence (Popham, 12). Innate intelligence is influenced by various factors some of them are biological and environmental. Experiments done on mice have demonstrated superior ability in learning and memory in various behavioral tasks, and there exists variation in intelligence because of genetic differences. (Dube,43). Similarly, there exist differences in the intelligence in human beings as well. This shows that some individuals may have an edge or advantage over other individuals which makes the whole procedure of applying standardized tests on every one flawed. Moreover, innate intelligence is also influenced by environmental factors. Environmental factor includes a childs upbringing, his/her culture, the role of parents, etc. In 1992 National Assessment of Educational Progress found that the combination of four such variables (number of parents living at home, parents' educational background, type of community, and poverty rate) accounted for a whopping 89 percent of the differences in state scores. This study shows how biased and unfair standardized tests are for some disadvantage students. Moreover, students from different culture have a different way of analyzing things. Since standardized tests are not cultured specific, the results they might give may be misleading. Standardized tests give wealthy students and edge over less affluent students Since these days standardized tests have become a sole determining factor for promotion, admission, etc. students all around the world pay huge amounts of money as to prepare for the tests and get good grades or a decent GPA. Various test centers for SAT, GRE prepare millions of students all around the world for standardized tests. Moreover, various online resource centers have opened which provide test preparation material to students while charging hefty amounts from them. This trend is a serious concern for the critics of standardized tests. The new trend of test preparation gives an edge to students of wealthy parents, who have enough resources to prepare their children, over children of less affluent families. (Johnson, 1) Thus children or students belonging to less affluent families have to face a transparent barrier where they cannot compete with students of well-off families only because of fewer resources or money. Precious time, resources and energy are wasted because of standardized tests. Schools, to prepare the students for standardized tests, are incurring huge social costs and are wasting their precious time, resources and energy. The schools in order to raise the tests scores are giving less importance or even eliminating programs in the arts, recess for young children, electives, extracurricular activities, class meetings, activities intended to promote social and moral learning, and discussions about current events (since that material will not appear on the test), (Kohn,2) Standardized testing paves the way for tougher standards on some educational institutions Standardized testing serves as a guiding tool for the administration to make decisions regarding funding, regulations, etc. of different schools. Therefore, teachers intentionally over rate their students to get a greater overall aggregate of marks which will increase the ranking of their schools. However, in some cases, this has created disenchantment for testing in the minds of professional and sincere educators. The reason is professional teachers do not like to teach in places where the main focus is on high scores or in which they will be pressured to produce such scores. Nervousness/ illness can influence the grade Supporters of standardized testing say that standardized tests are a good way of measuring a students ability, knowledge and intelligence.However, a score on a standardized test might not reflect the intelligence or the acquired knowledge of the student because there are various factors that might influence the grade of a child. For example, a child might become sick or unwell on the day of the examination, or he might become nervous (Watson, 3) because of the exam which may lower the grade of the child. In such cases, the standardized test does not measure the knowledge or the intelligence of the student, but it measures the ability of the student to apply that knowledge in a stressful situation. Scores have a negative impact on the performance of the student One of the most devastating effects of high-stakes standardized testing is the emotional effects on students and teachers. A student who does poorly on a test and achieves a low score becomes disillusioned and less motivated which makes causes them to make less effort to learn. Unfortunately, this starts a downward spiral that is very hard to break out of. (Haladyna, 160) Once they perform poorly on a test, they have no motivation to work hard for the next one and do poorly on that one once again, which in turn evokes more negative emotion towards learning. Standardized tests cannot handle pretty One of the biggest criticisms of standardized tests is that they cannot handle persity. Most of many of today's tests are written so that only white, middle-class, English-speaking Americans can succeed which makes it very unfair for the other minorities. Moreover, standardized testing is also very biased against disabled people. Disabilities include physical disabilities, language delays, ADHD, visual impairments and mental retardation. Such people require special assistance, a test with a low level of difficulty and a test made specifically for them which is not the case with standardized tests. Work cited Alfie Kohn, Standardized Testing, and Its Victims, Education week, 2000 Hoffmen, Schema, Psychology in action,2000 Joan L. Herman 1 Shari Golan, The Effects of Standardized Testing on Teaching and Schools, Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 1998 Popham, W.J Why Standardized Test Scores Don't Measure Educational Quality. Educational Leadership, 1999 Peg Watson, Pros & Cons of Standardized Testing and Portfolio Evaluations, VaHomeschoolers' High Quality Newsletter, 2004 Tang YP, Shimizu E, Dube GR, Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice, Nature 401, 1999

Convict in Australia Essays

Convict in Australia Essays Convict in Australia Paper Convict in Australia Paper During the 18th to 19th century, It had a large group of convicts were transported to Australia. Convicts are the people who found guilty of crime. All the convicts were transported Australia by ship and fleets. After the first fleet arrived to Australia, there were a lot of fleets arrived to Australia as well. Consequently, The Australia’s government were kept for each convict and up till the mid-1800s they recorded names, date and place of trial and sentence. The convicts were transported to all over Australia such as New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania and Victoria etc†¦ The British government sent the first convict s to New South Wales in 1788. British decided to send the army and prison officers as well as the prisoners. They were almost all of them English from British. About 83 percent of convicts are male and 70 percent are speaking English, but 75 percent were unskilled workers. The oldest person was about sixty year old and youngest is about nine. The reason of sent the convicts to Australia. It prevented the continent natural resource and raw material which England wanted. The problems solves with British’s overcrowded prisons by establishing a new penal colony which showed promises for eventually becoming self- supporting. In 1718, British had been sending the convicts to American colonies, but the American Revolutionary war about the war of independences. After 1775, the convicts transported to America had end. Secondly, it was England but the convicts extremely unhealthy when they travelled overnight to Australia. The west India and Africa were unsuitable for convicts to live there. Likewise, diseases and climates are also problems of immigration. India had already crowed of population, so they didn’t allow the people to immigrate. Admittedly, New South Wales accepted convicts to immigrate Australia after 1842. The benefits on immigrate was the population had grown up, the successful on free immigration. They brought some skilled and money which was achieve the country of economic system. The first fleet transported all the purely political crime at the first transportation. They were the criminal just stolen the foods and clothing for their family, It only the little crime. They almost all English people and coming from London. The first Capital colony of governor is called Arthur Phillip. He set sail on May 13th, 1787 from Portsmouth with 11 vessels. Afterward, there are six ships transported to Australia. He arrived in New South Wales with 717 convicts of whom 180 were women, guarded by 191 marines under 19 officers. It arrived in Port Jackson in 1790. Specially, the first convicts’ ship to be primarily for women. The women of convicts got the worse treatment than men on the voyage, nearby came in every day to work in Female Factory. Children of convict women either stayed with their mothers or were moved to an orphanage. Young convict girls were also employed in the Female Factory In 1790, the second fleet transported from England It was unable to complete the voyage. Only 48 people died in the first group of ships, but this time 278 died during the voyage. This time transporting the convicts was in the hands of private contractors. The third fleet of 11 ships, It arrived in 1791, with over 2000 convicts. The newspaper report states that 194 male convicts and 4 female convicts died during the voyage They stared send the convict to Australia after American war of independences and Revolution and the government had stopped to send the convicts to America after the civil. Sydney in particular city, the continent was thought to be uninhabited. The distance of the countries was so far for prisons to escape and the population were also changed the decisions of the immigration. It was 3000 kilometres by sea to Jakarta, then Dutch East India. It also helped the Sydney had the world best natural. In later years, after other Australian settlements had been established, the transports often stopped at more than one destination to land convicts. From England the transports may have stopped off at Gibraltar, a port in the West Indies, South America, the Cape of Good Hope, and the other one of the Australian penal settlements. In addition, it had totally more than 2 million British and 4 million Australian are related to convicts transported from British in 18th-19th. In now day, there are no more convicts to be sending to Australia. All the convicts had immigrated to Australia and they brought their family members as well. In modern century, Australian government promote the immigration and education to the other countries. It attacks many the people to come and get a better life and different lifestyles, so now in Australia is a multicultural country. Words 781 Reference ABC News 2011, ‘Online records highlight Australia’s convict past’, viewed at 25th March 2011, . Bateson Charles 2008, ‘Convict ships to Australia’, viewed 25th March 2011, http:// member. iinet. net. au/~perthdps/convicts/ships. html. ‘Female Convicts’, Defiance and Solidarity, viewed at 25th March 2011, . Reakes, J 2000, ‘1788-1868 Convict Records’ , Perth Cultural Centre publishers, Perth, SA Rienits, R 2009, ‘Convict life in Australia’, Australia Heritage, Dee Why West, NSW, Australia

Reflections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Reflections - Essay Example I do not own a car. I neither turn off my computer nor do I have any energy saving features. My diet is usually assorted meat, grains and vegetables that make me an Omnivore. I mostly obtain food from supermarkets. I occasionally select organic food. I usually have two large meals a day. These facts it leaves my food footprint at 100.7 global acres and the country average at 65.74 ga. I own a 4-bedroom house, which is built from concrete. Inside the house, I own a little furniture made from sustainably produced materials. I sometimes use cleaning products that are non-toxic. I often buy new furniture every one year. If everyone on the planet lived the way I do, we would need 6.02 Earths. This result is quite surprising and exaggerated. It clearly shows that I have a high consumption of global resources. This is not quite a good indication since I am using up the resources that I do not own and do not have. I believe the footprint of an individual in a less developed country has a smaller ecological count than mine. This calls for measures to be taken immediately since if this goes on I will be wasting resources that could have been shared by others. During the past week, I have had to cut down on food consumption to one large meal per day. I have developed a habit of switching off lights that are unused. In addition, I have learned to switch off electronic that are not in use. This has decreased the number of Earths required to 3.4. Ecological footprint analysis is an environmental accounting tool that estimates resource consumption. It also involves waste assimilation requirements of any population in terms of the corresponding productive land and water area. The following are waste materials I have thrown in the thrash can for the past one week: It is surprising how much garbage can accumulate with time. We do not realize it in day-to-day life. When my sister was an infant, we had to decide whether to

Evaluation of the educational needs of 3rd and 4th year medical Essay

Evaluation of the educational needs of 3rd and 4th year medical imaging students for fostering specialized radiographers - Essay Example The initial search terms that were used were medical imaging, radiography, and students. At this time, the search was limited to these words, to see what articles could be found. As I was interested in the evolution of medical image teaching, in that my interest is in what techniques have been used within the last 30 years, the articles that I reviewed and researched were from 1979 to present. The articles were narrowed down to 50 articles by eliminating articles and studies that essentially duplicated other, very similar studies. If a study did not provide a strategy that was novel, it was eliminated. The goal was to find diverse articles that represented slightly different aspects of the issues. Also, in the interest of diversity, articles that examined medical imaging in the context of medical student education were examined as well. Of interest were the most innovative strategies for teaching medical imaging students, including those who are in medical or dental schools, along wi th those seeking a 4 year degree. Also of interest were articles that focused on radiographers, and the kind of training that makes specialty radiographers competent and well-versed. I was also interested in finding articles that provided a comprehensive look at some of the basics that need to be understood, as well as articles that speak on policy issues surrounding medical imaging education. Combining the focus of these lines of inquiry came up with the best overall view of the question at hand. The articles that were selected were global. Thus, the articles are representative of global strategies. Of interest was whether certain countries are using techniques that are effective and might not be as well-known in this country, and whether these techniques can be imported to this country or whether the techniques would work best because of the culture of the country from where the study originated. When choosing the five articles that

Comparison Of Building Vulnerability Assessment Methods Engineering Essay

Comparison Of Building Vulnerability Assessment Methods Engineering Essay A review of vulnerability assessment methods for buildings is conducted out with a view to evaluate their appropriateness for use in seismic risk assessment. A ranking scheme has been developed to score each vulnerability assessment method. The ranking considers general description of vulnerability, building response factors, variance in output, applicability and ease of use, which are the major characteristics for vulnerability assessment tools used in seismic risk assessment. A case study in the older portion of Dhaka city, Bangladesh has been conducted to investigate the efficiency of some state-of-the- art vulnerability assessment methods. The hybrid vulnerability scale, which uses a FEMA 310 and IITK GSDMA approaches score high in the ranking, whilst the other scales based on the Rapid Visual Screening FEMA 154, Euro Code 8, New Zealand Guidelines, Modified Turkish Method and NRCC perform differently in various weighting scenarios. However, it is found that none but the hybrid ( which includes the local site specific issues as well as the results from non destructive testing and experimental data) method effectively suits all the criteria essential for their use in seismic risk assessment, especially emphasis on physical vulnerability factors, applicability and variances in output. Keywords vulnerability assessments, physical vulnerable parameters, seismic risk assessment 1. Introduction Seismic risk assessment is a vital tool to manage the growing risk in the face of the ever-increasing exposure in highly seismic regions. Due to the changes in the built environment and continuously evolving seismic sciences, it is essential to refine the risk assessment modeling continuously. In particular, vulnerability of buildings to ground shaking is recognized as a key element in any seismic risk model (Spence et al. 2008). Therefore, seismic vulnerability assessment is an essential tool for governments and individuals to mitigate the consequences of earthquakes. Existing vulnerability assessment methodologies vary with various postulations proposed for the characterization and prediction of earthquake hazard and the methodology used to evaluate building regarding the hazard (FEMA 1999; Bertogg et al. 2002). The development of a region-wide seismic vulnerability assessment framework, such as FEMA 310 for the US (FEMA 1999), requires a unique vulnerability assessment tool to acc ommodate all the above mentioned issues. Within this paper, a comparison and critical review of existing vulnerability assessment methodologies for buildings is conducted out, with a view to their utilization in a region-wide seismic risk assessment. A hybrid method consisting of FEMA 310 (FEMA 1999) and IITK GSDMA (Durgesh 2005) has been set up to evaluate vulnerability, combining an analysis of building typologies with expert judgment. Background information on the most significant vulnerability assessment methods are provided in the paper together with their advantages and disadvantages for use in seismic risk assessment. Moreover, the seismic vulnerability for contemporary and historical 93 buildings in old Dhaka City, Bangladesh has been assessed as a case study to show the spatially distributed qualitative risk within the area with the help of different vulnerability assessment tools. Finally, a scoring method is proposed to qualitatively represent the relative rankings of the selected vulnerability assessment tools t o find out a suitable uniform approach to be used for seismic risk assessment. 2. Selection of suitable building classification system Vulnerability can be defined as the susceptibility of buildings to damage in presence of seismic ground motion (Hill and Rossetto 2008). The evaluation of building vulnerability is a basic part of any risk assessment methodology. An accurate, transparent and conceptually sound algorithm for assessing the seismic vulnerability of the building stock is one of the main ingredients in a seismic risk model and indeed over the past 30 years many tools and methodologies have been proposed for this purpose. This study takes an overview on some of the most noteworthy contributions in the field of vulnerability assessment and the key advantages and disadvantages of these procedures have been identified in order to distinguish the main characteristics of an ideal methodology (Calvi et al. 2006). In vulnerability studies, it is essential to differentiate various building types, since, different types of buildings tend to respond in a different way under similar ground motions (Tesfamariam and Sa atcioglu 2008). Hence, the buildings should be classified according to their similar dynamic properties, before the conducting a vulnerability assessment of an urban area. The parameters that influence the dynamic response of a structure to ground motion are well recognized, for example, in Euro code 8 (BSSC 2003; CEN 2004), and embrace the structures geometrical and material properties. A building classification system that considers a high-degree of segregation in vulnerability studies and an enhanced estimate of the financial losses, has been expressed elsewhere (Carvalho et al. 2002). This study focuses on the dominant building types of the Indian region (Alam et el. 2010), which comprises mainly of reinforced concrete buildings and masonry buildings. 3. Existing seismic vulnerability assessment methodologies: an overview Table 1 in Appendix A briefly describes each vulnerability assessment tool selected and the rationale for their selection. It is obvious that the review is not extensive; however, the tools have been selected for the predominant building classes as well as to the contemporary practices in seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings. From the literature, it is evident that, there is a lack of unified vulnerability assessment technique, which covers the entire local as well as the global parameters. To cover the location-specific physical components present in both the developed and the developing countries, a hybrid method has been formulated for the vulnerability assessment of existing structures incorporating FEMA 310 (FEMA 1998, 2003, ASCE 1998) and IITK GSDMA (Durgesh 2005) methods. Other vulnerability assessment tools are chosen from a wide range of published and peer reviewed papers in seismology, structural vulnerability, and earthquake engineering fields. Since, most of the tools have been developed for some particular circumstances, such as vulnerability assessment in the field, for structural analysis etc. they may not contain some of the uniqueness specified in the scoring structure. However, they are included in this study, as either elements of these guidelines or tools have been used in past seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings or they illustrate a distinctive characteristic, which is essential in a tool for the seismic vulnerability assessment. 4. Investigation of the suitability of different vulnerability assessment tools: a case study A case study of 93 buildings of older portion of Dhaka city-the capital of Bangladesh (Alam et al. 2010) has been selected to evaluate the suitability of various vulnerability assessment tools for seismic risk assessment. The predominant structural types, specially associated with medium to high seismicity, present in South Asian countries have been presented in the building classification system. After considering building inventories of different countries of South Asian region, it was found that South Asian building inventory is primarily composed of reinforced concrete buildings and masonry buildings. The study includes Bangladesh (CDMP 2009), Nepal (AUDMP 2007), and India (Durgesh 2005) for classifying major building classes for the area. There exist some other types, such as adobe (mud house), tin-shed housing, timber and steel structures etc, which contribute a very small proportion of the existing inventory with moderate to high seismicity. The premier resolutions of relevant building type sub-categories for the vulnerability assessment are the reinforced concrete frames with and without masonry infill as well as the unreinforced masonry buildings for the study area. The seismic vulnerability of buildings in the stock varies widely with different vulnerable factors (Hugo 2002). The principal vulnerability factors used in the categorization of buildings in the study area are structure type (the main lateral force resisting system of buildings), number of story, and code level (seismic design standard applied in the design of buildings). Moreover, architectural features which are the parameters for defining geometry of buildings such as story height, span length, presence of open first-storey etc. act as factors for the vulnerability assessment. Several structural features may be considered as the factor affecting vulnerability of buildings. These factors include soft story, heavy overhang, short column, pounding possibility between adjacent buildings, and visible ground settlement. During this study a number of vulnerable factors were identified that are comprehensively discussed here. According to Turkish method (Bommer et al. 2002, Tesfamariam a nd Saatcioglu 2010), the level of building damage during earthquakes depends on the apparent building quality which is, in turn, related to the quality of construction materials, workmanships and building maintenance. Well-trained observers can classify a buildings quality roughly as good, moderate, or poor. Many building collapses during seismic events may be ascribed to the absence of the bracing elements (e.g. available walls in the upper floors) in the ground floor, and hence develop a ground floor soft in the horizontal direction. The plastic deformations at the plastic hinge points of the columns can develop an undesirable sway mechanism with a large concentration of the plastic deformations at the column ends (Hugo 2002). Hence, the soft story buildings exhibit a less safe behavior than the similar regular structures during moderate and severe earthquake. Normally, this situation can be resulted from the building that locates along the side of the main street as the first sto ry is being used for a commercial space that has opening between the frame members for customer circulation. Figure 1 shows some of the examples of soft story (ground floors being used as shop) in Shakhari Bazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. In addition to soft stories, another vulnerable factor, termed as heavy overhanging floors in multistory buildings lead to irregularity in stiffness and mass distributions (Hugo 2002). From the earthquake engineering view point, these irregular plan shapes are undesirable as they cause inappropriate dynamic behaviors when subjected to horizontal earthquake ground motion. Typical heavy overhangs found in the old part of Dhaka City are shown in figure 2. Moreover, the shear failure of short columns is another major cause of building collapse during a seismic event (Hugo 2002). It is also termed as squat columns, i.e. columns having relatively high thickness compared to their height, and most of the cases are fixed in strong beams or slabs. By unintentional addition of parapet infill in frame structures, slender columns can also be converted into short columns. In case of short columns with significant bending capacity, enormous moment gradient can develop a large shear force under horizontal actions of a seismic event, which generally leads to a shear failure before the plastic moment capacity is being reached (Hugo 2002). It was observed after the August 17th, 1999 earthquake in Turkey (Mw=7.4) that a large number of buildings were damaged due to the presence of short columns (Saatcioglu et al. 2001). Damage due to pounding can also be observed after almost every earthquake events. Different vibration periods and non-synchronized vibration amplitudes cause the close buildings to knock together. Buildings subjected to pounding receive heavier damage on higher stories (NZSEE 2000, 2003). Topographic amplification may also increase ground motion intensity on hilltops during earthquake; hence, this factor should be taken into account in the seismic risk assessment. In the last not the least, building shape and elevation are major factors affecting buildings during an earthquake. It was evident from the experience of different seismic events, that the buildings with irregular shape are more damaging than the buildings of regular shape (Hugo 2002). Similarly elevation of building is also another important factor responsible for structural/building damage during an earthquake. Narrow tall buildings are more vulnerable during an earthquake (Hugo 2002). Figure 3 shows vertical irregularity of an existing building in the study area. There exists a numerous numbers of vulnerability assessment techniques, that utilize various types of vulnerability factors. Table 2 summarizes different vulnerability factors, which are frequently, used in different seismic vulnerability assessment techniques utilized in the study. From this study, it can easily be identified that some of the seismic vulnerability assessment techniques are very robust, e.g. FEMA 310, FEMA 154 etc, whereas in case of some other methods, (e.g. Euro Code 8) some of the major vulnerability parameters are not clearly defined. The results from the assessment of 93 buildings in the study area are depicted in the figure 4. For risk evaluation, it is required to collect, analyze and properly match a huge quantity of data. Geographic information system (GIS) can effectively be utilized to manage and overlay the information levels and graphical output of the results (Codermatz 2003). Therefore, a geographical information system (GIS) database has been developed to represent the spatial distribution of the vulnerable buildings for different assessment techniques within the study area. Figure 5 shows the distribution of vulnerable buildings in GIS environment, resulted with the use of FEMA 154 method, which shows that most of the buildings fall under very high risk group. Whereas, the distribution of risk classes within the buildings are in a wide range in case of hybrid method, depicted in figure 6. The distribution of vulnerable buildings assessed by Euro Code 8 and NRCC are also presented in figure 7 and figur e 8 respectively, which show comparatively lower risk variances. 5. Vulnerability assessment methodology scoring system The general description of vulnerability assessment methods which include the input variables, are very useful for the people involved in the field directly, where as the information about physical measurable parameters are necessary for the detailed analysis of a structure and the decision makers utilize the description of output for generating an effective decision (Hill and Tizina 2008). A reliability or performance scoring system has been developed to rank the vulnerability assessment methodologies according to the criteria mentioned above. The proposed scoring system consisting of 3 main sections with 17 sub-categories is depicted in Table 2 of Appendix A. The score obtained in each of the 3 sections is given equal weighting in the computation of the total reliability score for vulnerability assessment. The system tries to reduce most of the subjectivity implicated in the ranking of different vulnerability assessment methods. Since, some subjectivity has been utilized to assign the categories, the resultant scores can be utilized only as a qualitative representation of performance or reliability. To provide a clear indication of each methodologys performance or reliability, an affirmative score is given as 3 points, a moderate score is given as 2, a negative score 0 point, whereas the method partially fulfills the requirement is given 1 point. Since, experimental value provides data based on real-life experiences, it is more preferred in the scoring system. Analytical and judgment-based values are considered as second and third best respectively. For the sub-categories, the scoring is based on the Table 3 of Appendix A. This scoring for reliability or performance has been applied to the vulnerability assessment methods applicable for mainly reinforced concrete buildings as well as unreinforced masonry building types. Category A of the scoring system in Table 2 deals with the basic input description of vulnerability assessment tools, i.e. ease of measurement (Saatcioglu, et al. 2001), range of buildings types covered (FEMA 2002, ASCE 2003, UNDRO 1980), site specific factors, including local and global aspects regard (ASCE 2003, ASCE 1988, NRCC 1993, Durgesh 2005) .This is important for the people working in the field measurement. In category B mostly physical measurable vulnerability factors have been considered, which is very useful for analyzing the structural behavior. It deals with the scope of vulnerable parameters (ASCE 2003), quantity of database (ATC 2004), applicability of tools as non-structural components of the structures (NRCC 1993). Finally category C of the proposed scoring system utilizes the involvement of the output factors, which encompasses the well defined vulnerability scales (FEMA 2002) (ASCE 2003), risk variances (ASCE 2003, Durgesh 2005), impact of non-structural components as well as the adoptability (NRCC 1993). This category mainly focuses on the preferences for the decision makers. For different specific needs, risk assessment specialists may prefer different weightings on the scoring categories. The categories are weighted according to four different scenarios (I-IV) as depicted in Table 4 of Appendix A. These weightings give a maximum score of 51 points in each case which are only for illustrative indication. An example of use of the proposed scoring method is given in Table 5 of Appendix A. The final ranking for the vulnerability assessment tools considered is shown in Table 6 of Appendix A. The individual scores are given in Table 7 of Appendix A 6. Discussion on vulnerability assessment method scoring This section discusses about the performance of different vulnerability assessment tools in different scoring categories in wider aspect for all the weighting scenarios proposed. At this point it is essential to re-state that the vulnerability assessment ranking reflects how appropriate the method is for use in seismic risk assessment. To rank the techniques, several weighting scenarios have been utilized with the calculated scores. For weighting scenario I, equal weighting for each category was adopted which provides an overall view of the vulnerability assessment methods performances. The authors believe that each of the identified features is equally important and it is suggested that proposed scoring system utilizes this weighting scenario. Hybrid method, NRCC (NRCC 1993) guidelines and FEMA 154 (FEMA 2002, ATC 1998) rank the top three positions for the weighting scenario I. The Hybrid method contains detailed descriptions for different classes of buildings and has a well defined methodology for calculating physical vulnerability factors. The ASCE 31 standard (FEMA 310) is not a building code.  Ã‚  It is a method of evaluating existing buildings to determine if they meet seismic performance objectives such as Life Safety or Immediate Occupancy.   NRCC guideline follows the similar principles as the hybrid one; however, the calibration for building typology for NRC guidelines considers the Canadian construction practice. Fundamentally, the score ( seismic priority index) in NRCC is related to the seismic risk for a particular building, given the occurrence of an earthquake equivalent to that specified in the National Building Code of Canada (NRCC 1993). It is to be used as an initial assessment for deciding which building should have more detailed evaluation in order of priority. Moreover, the effect of torsional irregularities has not been taken in to account. In FEMA 154, the score was affected by the lack of sufficiently detailed analysis; rather it e ncompasses a rapid visual screening method (FEMA 2002). The use of seismicity regions, rather than site-specific seismic hazard data, for the Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) procedure substantially reduces the accuracy of results because the calculations use levels of ground motion which differ from the levels of ground motion at all sites except those where ground motions are at the median value for a seismicity region. Thus, RVS final scores are systematically shifted and overestimate the level of risk for locations with below-median ground motions and underestimate risk for locations with above median ground motions. In case of weighting scenario II, more weighting is given to general description of vulnerability to highlight the methods suited for in-field measurements. For weighting scenario II, again the same results happened, i.e. Hybrid one out ranked all other approaches. For weighting scenario III, more weighting values have been given to the physical vulnerable parameters. And in case of scenario IV, weighting has been given to the variance in output. For this purpose, a case study of 93 buildings of old Dhaka city of Bangladesh has been conducted. In this case study, different types of buildings have been assessed with various methodologies. Here, Hybrid and NRCC Guidelines ranked the 1st where as FEMA 154 (FEMA 2002, ATC 1998) and NZ Code ranked 2nd and 3rd. The variation and the results of the assessment have been depicted in Figure 5 through Figure 8. In weighting scenario V, more conscious was given to Canadian present construction practices (Cook 1999, Onur et al. 2004). Here, the Hybrid as well as the NRCC method outranked the other methods. 7. Scoring Summary with Different Multi Criteria Decision Making Tools The proposed scoring system is a wide-ranging tool to compare different vulnerability assessment methods in the context of ease of use and applicability. It cannot catch all the parameters, but qualitatively gives a better indication of the suitable seismic vulnerability assessment method for buildings. First of all, it can be remarked that, the positions of the methods in the ranking change markedly between the different weighting scenarios. Of the considered seismic vulnerability assessment methods, it is seen that the Hybrid method composed of FEMA 310 (FEMA 1998, 2003, ASCE 1998) and IITK-GSDMA outperforms other vulnerability assessment in all respects. However, NRCC (NRCC 1993) method also performs adequately, where the guideline was developed specifically with Canadian buildings in mind, though certain features are lacking within the description of detailed analysis. Nonetheless, for all the weighting scenarios, the proposed hybrid method performs well and should be considered as the preferred alternative. Moreover, the presence of FEMA 154, Euro Code 8(Milutinovic and Trendafiloski 2003, CEN 2004) and New Zealand Guidelines (NZSEE 2000, 2003) in the ranking system are notable. However, it is clear that the methods do not capture a sufficient quantity of characteristics that are required of such a guideline for the particular weighting scenarios. In this study different multi criteria decision making tools (e.g. AHP. Elctre I Is, and TOPSIS) have been utilized to find out the suitable most alternative. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a decision-aiding method developed by Saaty (Saaty 1980). The main goal of AHP is to quantify the relative priorities for a given set of alternatives on a ratio scale, based on the judgment of the decision-maker, and stresses the significance of the perceptive judgments of a decision- maker as well as the consistency of the comparison of alternatives in the decision-making process (Saaty 1990). Whereas ELECTRE I (Benayoun et al, 1966; Roy 1971) is an overall method of ranking alternative systems in the presence of qualitative criteria. The idea in this algorithm is to choose those nodes (i.e. alternative systems) which are preferred for most of the criteria and yet do not cause an unacceptable level of discontent for any one criterion. Moreover in case of TOPSIS (Technique for Order pre ference by Similarity to Ideal Situation) method, the selected alternative should be as close to the ideal solution as possible and as far from the negative-ideal solution as possible. The ideal solution is formed as a combination of the best performance values revealed in the decision matrix by any option for each attribute. The negative-ideal solution is the combination of the worst performance values. Propinquity to each of these performance poles is measured in the Euclidean sense (e.g., square root of the sum of the squared distances along each axis in the attribute space), with elective weighting of each attribute (Olson 2004). By utilizing Electre I Is (Hwang and Yoon 1981) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (Yang and Lee 1997); it was found that the proposed hybrid method outranks all the methods in all cases (Figure 10 and Figure 11). Finally TOPSIS method (Chu 2002) has validated the same decision about the proposed hybrid method to be the preferred one. In the context of decision making and field measurement, hybrid method consisting of FEMA 310 (FEMA 1998, 2003, ASCE 1998) and IITK-GSDMA is recommended. Whereas, if the rapid assessment of buildings is the major concern, vulnerability assessment through FEMA 154 (FEMA 2002, ATC 1998) and NRCC (NRCC 1993) guidelines should also be considered as the preferred options. 8. Conclusion This study has identified significant characteristics that should be included for an appropriate seismic vulnerability assessment method of buildings. A scoring system has been proposed for the qualitative review of various vulnerability assessment techniques and a particular attention was given to potential use in Canada. It is found that a vulnerability assessment technique termed as hybrid method i.e. combination of FEMA 310 (FEMA 1998, 2003, ASCE 1998) IITK GSDMA (Durgesh 2005) captures characteristics to a wider degree that a suitable vulnerability assessment method should posses. However, the proposed hybrid method is calibrated with the data from US and Bangladesh, which can be applied to other regions with slight modifications. In seismic risk assessment, the building vulnerability assessment depends on data from many sources, amongst which, the past earthquake damage survey data are of major concern. Existence of various vulnerability assessment approaches, raises concern over worldwide to have a simplistic effective vulnerability assessment tool, to be useful world-wide. The authors believe that the proposed hybrid method provides a robust basis for vulnerability interpretation and recommended future studies of vulnerability assessment method to combine more consistent and wider descriptions of the parameters for use in seismic risk assessment. Reference: Alam M.J., M. Abdur Rahman Bhuiyan, and M.Roqibul Islam(2006) Seismic Structural Assessment of Damaged Chittagong Public Library Building During 27 July 2003 Earthquake 4th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering Taipei, Taiwan Alam M. N., K. Mashfiq, A. Rahman, and S. M. Haque , (2010)Seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings in heritage and non-heritage areas in the older part of Dhaka city, 3rd International Earthquake Symposium, Bangladesh Dhaka, March 5-6, 2010, ISBN: 978-984-8725-01-6 ATC (1987), Evaluating the seismic resistance of existing buildings, ATC 14. Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, California. ASCE (2003), Sismic evaluation of buildings, ASCE/SEI 31-03. Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia. ASCE (1988a). Rapid visual screening of buildings for potential seismic hazards: a handbook, published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA-154, Washington, D.C. ATC 21 (2004), Rapid visual screening of buildings for potential seismic hazards training manual, ATC-21-T, FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY Washington, DC ASCE (1998), Handbook for the seismic evaluation of buildings a pre-standard, American Society of Civil Engineers for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA 310 Report, Washington D.C. ASCE (2003), Seismic evaluation of buildings, ASCE/SEI 31-03, Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia. ATC-21 (1998), Rapid visual screening of buildings for potential seismic hazards: a handbook, Applied Technology Council, Redwood city, CA, USA. AUDMP (2007), www.adpc.net/audmp/audmp.html Benayoun, R., Roy, B. Sussmann, B. (1966) ELECTRE: une mà ©thode pour quiderle choix en presence de points de vue multiples. Sema (Metra International), Dir. Sci., Note de Travail No. 49, Paris, France. Bertogg M, Hitz L, Schmid E (2002), Vulnerability functions derived from loss data for insurance risk modelling: findings from recent earthquakes. In: Proceedings of the twelfth European conference on earthquake engineering (paper 281), London, September 2002 BIS (2002), IS 1893 (Part I)- Indian standard criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures part I general provisions and buildings, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. Bommer J, Spence R, Erdik M, Tabuchi S, Aydinoglu N, Booth E, Del Re D, Peterken O, (2002), Development of an earthquake loss model for Turkish catastrophe insurance, J Seismol 6:431- 36 Building Seismic Safety Council National Institute of Building Sciences (BSSC) (2003) NEHRP recommended provisions and commentary for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures, 2003 Edition (FEMA 450). Washington New Zealand Government (2004), Building Act, Wellington, New Zealand Calvi, G. M., Pinho, R., Magenes, G., Bommer, J. J., Restrepo-Velez, L., Crowley, H. (2006). Development of seismic vulnerability assessment methodologies over the past 30 years. ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, 43(3), 75-104. Carvalho E, Coelho E, Campos-Costa A, Sousa M, Candeias P (2002), Vulnerability evaluation of residential buildings in Portugal. In: Proceedings of the twelfth European conference on earthquake engineering (paper 696), London, September 2002 Codermatz, R., Nicolich, R., Slejko, D. (2003). Seismic risk assessments and GIS technology: Applications to infrastructures in the friuli-venezia giulia region (NE italy). Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 32(11), 1677-1690. CDMP (2009), http://www.cdmp.org.bd/ C.L. Hwang, K. Yoon (1981), Multiple attribute decision making, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Comità © Europà ©en de Normalization, CEN (2004), Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance- Part 1. General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings (EN 1998-1). Brussels Cook S. (1999), Evaluation of non-structural earthquake damage to buildings in southwestern British Columbia. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1999. D. DAyala and A. W. Charleson,(2002), Review of seismic strengthening guidelines for R. C. buildings in developing countries, 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering Paper Reference 820 Department of General Services (2002), Seismic safety inventory of California public schools, a Report to the Governor of California and the California State Legislature D. L. Olson (2004), Comparison of weights in TOPSIS models, Mathematical and Computer Modeling, 40, (7) 21-727, 2004. FEMA (1985) An action plan for reducing earthquake hazards for existing buildings, FEMA 90. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C. FEMA( 1992), NEHRP handbook for the seismic evaluation of existing buildings, FEMA-178. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C. FEMA 310 (1998), Handbook for the seismic evaluation

Article on How Teenagers Spend Their Free Time

What do teenagers do in their spare time? They are on Facebook! This is Bristol FollowWednesday, November 10, 2010 WHAT do we teenagers do in our spare time? Hang round by shops with our hoods up, knifes in pocket, shouting abuse and getting drunk? Yes, all those grown ups would like to think that but, we normally just go out to have fun – go to the cinema, shopping and places like that! Or we are on Facebook. We will spend our lives, sharing our lives, on Facebook. From posting pictures, writing statuses, and joining funny yet sometimes offensive groups or fan pages.But, have you ever thought, that maybe, you could get into heaps of trouble from those little comments? Facebook can get quite abusive. With us posting pictures, which, yes, aren't very modest of ourselves, with skimpy outfits, and slapped-on make-up. But the nasty comments, are where we draw the line. Consider this, once it's on there, will your digital footprint ever be erased? Imogen Rodgers, Lucy Perry, Bethan y Seymour, Year 9, St Bede's CAN Facebook fight to stay on our favourites or is it time to ignore the friend you don't like?It's most people's way of life – an addiction. With no less than 400 million active users Facebook is ranked the number one social networking site worldwide but with so many others, like Twitter, Bebo, MySpace, Flickr, Google buzz, Habbo, Friendster, the list is endless, Will Facebook keep its crown or will one of its enemies take over? At the moment 35 million Facebook users update their status each day, this shows how popular it is. The site's publicity and popularity levels are soaring, but over the past four years another site has had quite a bit of the spotlight too.Twitter was launched in 2006 and with its appeal of getting to hear what celebrities have to say directly from them and reading their every â€Å"tweet† it seemed like there was a new social fish in town. However, even though it may seem like Facebook is starting to slip away, no other site could take over from what stole our hearts first. Elsie Bradley, The City Academy, Bristol DO you have Facebook? Some people feel that entertainment is sitting in front of a computer and watching the lives of others dissolve into this new cyber life.How many times have you seen a message saying â€Å"I'm bored! â€Å"? They make me want to scream, â€Å"THEN GO AND DO SOMETHING ELSE! † But the truth is that our lives are now revolving around these social networking sites. Those who don't have such groups as Facebook are constantly under peer pressure to create an account and get sucked in. Especially if you don't have an account, you have no control whatsoever of what pictures of you are being pinned up on the internet.All those pictures that you thought your â€Å"friends† deleted – they're all up on Facebook. Sarah Orr, Amy McGrath, and Evie Gowie, Year 9, St Bede's I, LIKE many other people really enjoy going home and using the computer maybe to play games, send an email or go on Facebook but are we getting too addicted to Facebook? Do you really need to go on Facebook, when you have just spent a day at school talking to those people? Emily Shiga, Banor Kofi-Ofuafor and Jess Chapman, Year 9, St Bede's

Forensic Psychology Essay

1.How often is the insanity defense used and how successful is it? I would like to answer this question, with the presentation of my opinion and the performed research. It is within my opinion, that the insanity defense is used over excessively and is taking part in almost every defense to any crime. Offenders seem to have the knowledge to the use of this defense and will often provide a plea to guilty by insanity or temporary insanity, within the faith, to receive a reduced sentence. While insanity has to be a proven fact and a psychologist has to conduct a variety of tests to confirm the offender is suffering from a mental incompetence or insanity, most offenders have the ability to mislead or deceive psychologists to receive the evaluation they seek. Such action, if discovered, would actually prove the sanity of such offenders, but in most cases, it cannot be ascertained. The success of such defense is, within my view, very effective. The performed research is revealing a different answer. According to the St. Joseph News Press (2007), it has stated the opposite to my opinion. This article within a study of the national mental health institute claim’s; â€Å"the insanity defense plea is used in less than one (1) percent of criminal cases in the United States and less than a quarter of those pleas are successful†. Retrieved from; St. Joseph News Press (2007). With these opinions and views in combination, one would have to conduct further studies on this subject, to establish the correct answer. Everyone has different sentiments, within the use of the insanity defense and the successfulness of such validation. 2. Identify and discuss the major criticisms of the insanity defense. It is my belive,the major criticism of the insanity defense could be the establishment of prove to the claim of insanity. More often, offenders will try to make use of this defense for the hope of receiving a reduced sentence or the sentence to receive institutional care. According to my research, there are three (3) major criticisms within the insanity defense. The Insanity defense is mentioned as confusing to the psychiatric and legal concept. Furthermore, it is explained that the word â€Å"insane† is more of a legal word, then a medical term, and therefor to prove a person or a criminal insane, one must find the mental condition, of a criminal, severely impaired to the point of losing one’s free will. A psychiatrist may be or may not able to determine such illness, and a jury’s decision solely based on a psychiatrists’ opinion may be grounded on unreliable evidence. Retrieved from; West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2 (2008). 2. This criticism is on the moral basis and the consequences. This section suggests that the crime is of more importance, then the moral imperatives. It also addresses the way a criminal, who does plea insanity, should be trialed and punished for the crime. It is suggested, that the criminal should be convicted and the mental illness should be taken in consideration at the time of sentencing. If this method would be used by the court, it would allow the judge to determine the length of imprisonment, within a hospital prison, and the defendant would have to provide prove of improvement to the once dangerous behavior. Retrieved from; West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2 (2008). 3. This last criticism, is turned to the rich and wealthy criminals, who make use of the insanity plea. It is argued; â€Å"only wealthy defendant have the ability to retain a high-priced psychiatrist, who may be able to declare the defendant insane with the performed examination†. It also is believed, people who have less monetary funds and depend on the defense of a public defender, will not receive the same quality of defense, and they are also unable to receive the same value within the insanity exam. Such critic is based on the suggestion, that the insanity defense should be eliminated. Retrieved from; West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2 (2008). 3. When a mentally ill person is convicted and incarcerated, what are some of the difficulties in providing appropriate psychological treatment for these offenders? The difficulties in providing appropriate care, to a incarcerated mentally ill person, would stand to the inappropriate care and knowledge of the staff or facility personnel, to the condition of the mentally ill. A prison or jail is not equipped nor can such establishment provide the correct treatment to the mentally ill. To take in consideration the staff and the special medical treatment such person would require, every day, while in such confinement. But the alternative to this problem is stated in: Wrightsman’s Psychology and the Legal System, 6e,(2011) in which it is proposed; â€Å"When defendants are found incompetent to stand trial, they can be committed for a period of treatment designed to restore their competence†. And also; â€Å"for dealing with the unrestorably incompetent criminal defendant include her or his waiving the right to be found incompetent to proceed to trial and using a special form of commitment for incompetent defendants who are judged at a provisional trial to be guilty of the crimes with which they are chargedâ€Å". Retrieved from; Wrightsman’s Psychology and the Legal System, 6e, pg; 249 (2011). It is my believe, the above suggested method, would be the better approach to the incarceration of incompetent or the mentally ill offenders.

The Legacy Of The Vietnam War - 1832 Words

The Vietnam War is widely regarded as the lowest point in the history of U.S. foreign affairs. It mercilessly dragged an unwilling country on a fatal ride for twenty years, all while receiving low approval ratings and high funding. The Vietnam conflict served as an optimum environment for the virus of controversy. No one has more experience with controversy than Heinz Alfred Kissinger. He is the ultimate pragmatist, as embodying his philosophy of realpolitik, a diplomatic ideology based on utilitarianism rather than international ethical standards. When one’s political calling card downplays the role of ethics in diplomacy, that individual is bound to garner a high profile reputation. Kissinger himself has lamented the national predicament during this conflict—squeezed between the ultimate rock, his duty to keep peace, and hard place, his duty to act with the approval of the American people. This predicament was rooted in an omnipresent opposition to Communism, as was America’s role in the entire Cold War. Cold War politics were politics of fear. That fear drove competition, which bred a certain variety of leader – a logical, calculating politician with regard for nothing but his country’s success. To avoid an uncontrollable spread of Communism through the westernized world, some moral casualties were strewn about the wayside. However, the American public had no trouble rolling up their collective sleeves to back this forward-thinking activist. In more recent years, someShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy of the Vietnam War2297 Words   |  10 PagesThe Legacy of the Vietnam War The Legacy of the Vietnam War University of Phoenix The Legacy of the Vietnam War The Vietnam War (1965-1975) was fought between the North and South Vietnam. The North was called Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the South was the Republic of Vietnam which was supported by the United States. 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